Wednesday, August 18, 2010
Zahid: Cooperation More Important Than Arms Race
KUALA LUMPUR, 3 AUG, 2010: Malaysia need not compete in an arms race with other countries, said Defence Minister Datuk Seri Dr Ahmad Zahid Hamidi.
Instead, he said, the country should strengthen cooperation in armed forces to safeguard universal peace.
"I don't think, in the current peace situation, we should compete with our Asean neighbours for sophisticated armed forces assets, but more towards common usage," he said.
He said this after receiving separate courtesy visits from Singapore Armed Forces chief Major-General Neo Kian Hong, Timor Leste Defence Secretary Dr Julio Tomas Pinto and Brunei Royal Army Commander Colonel Yusof Abd Rahman at the Defence Ministry today.
Ahmad Zahid said, during the meetings, he made several proposals, which included having informal communication among officers and armed forces commanders who visited the country, and improving communication contact.
"I think, during this peace situation, we need to have informal contacts, joint exercises and ensure officers get exposure in their respective fields at armed forces colleges and the like," he said, adding that informal contacts involved family contacts and social visits.
-BERNAMA
What's Behind Asean's Arms Race?
Why are Southeast Asian member-states spending billions of dollars to upgrade their military capabilities at a time when many are still struggling with the effects of a global economic downturn? The answer lies both within the region, where competing claims to offshore oil and gas reserves are increasing tensions, and beyond, with growing concerns that a rising China is seeking to expand its influence in its backyard
At least four members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) have made substantial additions to their armed forces in recent months. Burma is buying Russian fighter planes, while Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand have either bought or plan to buy submarines.
Malaysia is spending more than US $990 million on two high-quality diesel-powered submarines, while Vietnam—which still cannot supply electricity to all its citizens—is committing more than $2 billion on Russian-made fighter planes and six submarines. Meanwhile, according to Russian media reports, impoverished Burma has spent $600 million on 20 Russian MiG-29 fighter planes.
Thailand is so strapped for cash that it aims to buy a cheap secondhand submarine first so that it can join the new submariners club, but ultimately Bangkok also plans to spend hundreds of millions of dollars on several subsea vessels.
Ironically, this scramble to acquire more weapons comes as Asean moves toward European Union-style economic and social unity with zero-tariff trading. But with rapidly rising demand for energy fueling offshore exploration for oil and gas in disputed territory—particularly in the South China Sea, where four Asean members and China have staked conflicting territorial claims—national interests appear to trump regional fraternity.
Political tension among Asean members over other issues is also complicating efforts to resolve competing claims amicably. Thailand recently canceled an agreement with Cambodia to talk about a decade-old dispute over territorial claims in the Gulf of Thailand because of its neighbor’s relations with fugitive former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Large, untapped reserves of oil and gas are thought to exist in the disputed waters.
Elsewhere in the region, Burma is in dispute with neighboring Bangladesh over maritime boundaries in the Bay of Bengal, where both countries want to explore for gas. Their small navies have already confronted one another over an exploratory drilling rig authorized by the Burmese junta in waters claimed by the Bangladeshis.
The costly arms buildup—in countries where millions still live on less than one dollar a day—is also fueled by rivalry between the armaments industries of China and Russia, although European countries are also suppliers. Singapore, for instance, buys German arms, and Malaysia is buying French-Spanish submarines.
Malaysia’s expensive submarines purchase comes as the country’s biggest income source, the state-owned oil and gas producer Petronas, announced a fall of more than 15 percent in its contribution to government coffers for 2009-10—amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars.
Other countries are even more hard-pressed to meet the cost of this recent round of military expansion, but this hasn’t prevented them from trying to keep up with others in the region.
Submarines in particular are a “necessity” to strengthen Thailand’s economy, insists Thai navy chief Adm Kamthorn Pumhirun. They will protect natural resources, fisheries and oil exploration, he said in a statement on Jan. 1 that outlined navy policy in the coming decade. As part of its long-term plans for boosting its naval capabilities, Thailand may buy a second-hand, Chinese-made submarine to train crews before investing in a small fleet.
Meanwhile, ongoing conflicts within national borders are also contributing to the rush to acquire new weapons, sometimes from illegal sources.
Some military experts believe that a cargo plane full of weapons seized in Bangkok in December was destined for Burma and not Iran or Sri Lanka as speculated. The plane was carrying anti-insurgency arms—rocket-propelled grenades, small missiles and small arms ammunition—from North Korea, which has a history of clandestine dealing with the Burmese junta.
Since last year, Naypyidaw has intensified its drive to eliminate active resistance by groups such as the Karen National Union, which has waged an ethnic-based insurgency for more than six decades. The regime has also been preparing for a showdown with cease-fire groups that have so far refused to accede to demands to form themselves into border guard forces under Burmese military command.
Thursday, August 12, 2010
65 Tahun Serangan Atom di Hiroshima: Nuklear dan Kesan Jangkaannya kepada Dunia
Bom Atom "Little Boy" yang digugurkan di Hiroshima dan membunuh lebih 140,000 orang
Peletusan bom nuklear menghasilkan gelombang letupan, gelombang terma, sinaran gamma dan neutron, luruhan radioaktif, denyutan elektromagnet dan gangguan-gangguan atmosfera. Hampir setengah daripada jumlah tenaga ledakkan nuklear dibebaskan melalui gelombang letupan. Gelombang letupan dihasilkan oleh peningkatan tekanan secara keraksaksaan yang berlaku di dalam bahan-bahan yang sedang mengewap. Melalui udara, gelombang letupan bergerak dengan kelajuan supersonik. Tubuh manusia boleh di asak mati oleh gelombang letupan, sehingga ke tempat-tempat di mana tekanan lebihannya yang disebabkan oleh gelombang letupan, sekurang-kurangnya satu atmosfera melebihi tekanan biasa. Walaupun dilindungi oleh perisai terma atau perisai sinaran, manusia disekitar tempat letupan boleh mati akibat daripada kerosakkan-kerosakkan terhadap paru-paru, yang disebabkan oleh gelombang letupan. Satu pertiga daripada tenaga ledakkan dibebaskan dalam bentuk kilat terma. Kilat terma menghasilkan suhu yang tersangat tinggi dan secara serta-merta menghantar gelombang terma yang bergerak dengan kelajuan cahaya. Suhu yang sangat tinggi ini mengkondensasikan segala yang berada disekitar tempat ledakkan. Pada jarak yang lebih jauh, bahan-bahan pepejal akan menjadi cair. Pada jarak yang jauh sedikit lagi suhu mungkin cukup tinggi untuk menyebabkan kebakaran. Kesemua ini akan menyebabkan terjadi ribut api. Suhu akan meningkat tinggi, sehingga mereka yang berada ditempat-tempat perlindungan yang kukuh akan menjadi rentung atau mati kerana kekurangan oksigen Sebanyak 5% tenaga ledakkan nuklear dibebaskan melalui pancaran sinar gamma dan neutron. Pada bom termonuklear pancaran sinaran awalan ini tidak memainkan peranan utama membunuh secara serta-merta, kerana kesan letupan dan kesan termanya lebih hebat.
Bom Atom "Fat Man" yang digugurkan di Nagasaki dan telah membunuh lebih 70,000 orang
Denyutan elektromagnet yang dihasilkan oleh ledakkan bom nuklear tidak membahayakan manusia tapi ianya mampu memporak-perandakan sistem-sistem perhubungan moden yang mana lanjutan ini akan menyukarkan usaha-usaha penyelamatan mangsa. Selepas kesan serta-merta diatas berlaku pula luruhan radioaktif yang akan menyebabkan manusia menyerap dos sinaran yang boleh menyebabkan maut jika pendedahan berlaku dalam masa yang cukup lama terutamanaya jika berada dikawasan lapang. Satu megatan bom nuklear akan menghasilkan luruhan radioaktif yang boleh menyebabkan maut pada kawasan lingkungan 2000 km persegi. Kesan peperangan nuklear tidak terhenti dengan kematian dan kecedraan yang berlaku secara serta merta sahaja. Kerana bukti penduduk Hiroshima dan Nagasaki yang masih hidup saki bakinya menunjukkan mereka menderita akibat dari kerosakkan dan kesan-kesan jangka panjang sinaran radioaktif yang terhasil. Antara kesan yang timbul adalah penyakit kulit, keguguran rambut, lukemia dan penyakit genetik semakin berleluasa selepas peperangan.
Bagi yang selamat, mereka akan menyaksikan satu pemandangan yang amat mengerikan. Mayat-mayat manusia dan bangkai-bangkai mangsa sinaran yang sedang mereput, sisa-sisa buangan dan najis yang tidak terurus akan menjadi tempat pembiakkan yang cepat bagi lalat dan segala jenis serangga yang lebih tahan sinaran. Keadan ini akan memudahkan penyebaran wabak penyakit. Mereka yang sakit tidak dapat dibantu dengan berkesan kerana infrastruktur perubatan dan kesihatan tidak teratur ataupun lumpuh. Sistem perhubungan, sistem pengangkutan dan pendek kata segala jenis perkhidmatan dan perbekalan makanan dan tenaga menjadi lumpuh. Bekalan air melalui sistem yang ada tidak dapat berfungsi lagi kerana telah dicemari dengan luruhan radioaktif yang menyebabkan air tidk selamat untuk di minum.
Kesemua zarah-zarah halus terampai di atmosfera dianggarkan akan menghalang 99% cahaya suria daripada sampai ke permukaan bumi selama beberapa minggu, matahari pada tengaharinya seperti bulan purnama. Suasana gelap kesenjaan ini dijangka berlarutan sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan dan lapan bulan berikutnya suasana ini akan berkurangan sebanyak setengah kali ganda sahaja. Kegelapan ini akan menghentikan proses fotosintesis oleh tumbuhan menyebabkan banyak tumbuhan mati. Suhu yang terlalu rendah juga membunuh banyak hidupan dan menyebabkan rantaian makanan akan musnah serta tercemar. Mereka yang selamat akan mengalami kebuluran atau mati akibat keracunan radioaktif.
30% sehingga 70% lapisan ozon akan musnah dan memerlukan masa yang lama untuk membinanya kembali. Cahaya ultra-lembayung akan memasuki bumi dengan kadar yang tinggi mampu menyebabkan kanser kulit dan kerosakkan mata. Negara-negara yang tidak terlibat juga akan mengalami kesan dari segi fizikal dan ekonomi kerana sisa radioaktif yang bertebaran di atmosfera berpindah disebabkan pergerakkan atmosfera.. Dari segi ekonomi, jika negara yang terlibat adalah negara yang merupakan sumber pengeluar bahan makanan, ternakkan dan pertanian maka perdagangan dan pemebekalan antarabangsa sudah tentu akan mengalami krisis. Telaga-telaga minyak yang musnah menyebabkan sistem bekalan minyak dunia terganggu. Sememangnya ini amat merugikan dunia.